The dramatic function of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet. Essay Example

The dramatic function of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet. Paper In William Shakespeares Hamlet the character Ophelia performs a very interesting and important role in the elaboration of the plot. Ophelia is a tragic victim, a common component of Shakespeares revenge tragedies and something that the audience would have come to expect. It is perhaps surprising that a vulnerable and frail character such as Ophelia could have the great impact on the play that she does. Understanding her reactions to the patriarchal society in which she lives through her relationships with the men in her life adds greater depth to the play. Her character is revealed through her interactions with Polonius, Laertes and Hamlet, and their characters in turn revealed through their relationships with her. Ophelia allows better understanding of Hamlets complex personality. Ophelia also highlights key themes of the play, including corruption, patriarchy and deception. Before her function can be analysed, Ophelias character must be understood. Shakespeare presents her as a character of weakness, one to respond to with pity and sympathy. She has been read in very different ways- as shown in the greatly varied portrayals of her in different films. The conventional view is that she is a pure and innocent victim, but another reading of her is that she is a clever, sexually experienced but somewhat confused and naive girl. I believe that Ophelia is the epitome of goodness, childlike and nai ve, and that it was Shakespeares intention to evoke sympathy for her. I think that she teeters upon the edge of adult knowledge, with those around her fighting to suppress her sexuality. She is not sexless and does demonstrate understanding of Hamlets bawdy language. We will write a custom essay sample on The dramatic function of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The dramatic function of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The dramatic function of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hamlet uses broad sexual innuendo, to which her response of you are naught, you are naught (III. ii. 148) reveals that she is offended by it, at once showing that she understands, but certainly disapproves of, his language. Her chaste nature is shown by Hamlet telling her to a nunnery go (III. i. 141) so that it can remain so. Throughout the play Shakespeares use of natural and floral imagery communicates her purity. On drowning, she is surrounded by a garland of flowers and at her funeral she is allowed her virgin crants (V. i. 233) and maiden strewments. Ophelia died while collecting flowers which are symbolic of innocence, fragility and purity. The hoar leaves which symbolise the silver-grey colour of age put emphasis on Ophelias youth and innocence. Long purples are given a grosser name by liberal shepards as the roots are phallic in appearance. Cold maids, innocent virgins, refer to them as dead mans fingers which has a phallic connection. This implies that Ophelia was a cold maid herself. Those who read Ophelia as disreputable point to Polonius disdain when she speaks like a green girl (I. iii. 101) which suggests that she is not entirely so. She understands the meaning of Hamlets lewd remarks regarding country matters. and a possible reading of Ophelias comments that Young men will dot / if they come tot, by Cock / they are to blame and before you tumbled me / you promised me to wed (IV. v. 59-62) is that there existed a sexual relationship between Ophelia and Hamlet. In her sexually explicit songs, the lyrics of which include let in the maid, that out a maid / Never departed more (IV. v. 52) the implication is that the girl in the song has lost her virginity. I do not think that in singing this Opelia refers to herself, but that her madness grants her freedom to express what she was unable to discuss before, her deep love and desire for Hamlet. I think there is a sexual aspect to the frustration which drives her insane. Hamlets harsh verbal abuse is almost entirely sexual, and her mad songs contain blatant sexual references. Ophelia suffers because of the avoidance of her own sexuality. It is suppressed only to emerge later in her mad ramblings. Ophelia is a submissive character whose personality can almost be summed up with her lines I shall obey, my Lord. and I do not know, my lord, what I should think. She is controlled by her father and brother and the audience is supposed to sympathise for her, as Polonius denies her independence of choice or action, telling her You do not understand yourself so clearly / as it behoves my daughter and your honour. Ophelias madness and its causes are key parts of the plot of the play. The murder of Polonius by Hamlet leads to Ophelias demise- she loses all of the men she loved and obeyed and her identity is dependent upon them to such an extent that in their absence she does not know how to live, and becomes insane. She has never been responsible for making decisions about how to live because her father and brother have always controlled her conduct. As Claudius acknowledges, her madness is the poison of deep grief / It springs all from her fathers death. (IV. v. 75) Hamlet has been responsible for her feelings- if he loves her, she is happy, and if he does not, she is not. It is through these relationships that she knows how to live, and in the absence of this direction she commits suicide. Shakespeare cleverly uses Ophelia to reveal aspects of other characters personalities which the audience may have otherwise not been appreciated. She affects the audiences response to the characters through language, interaction, comparison and contrast. One of the vital dramatic functions of Ophelia is to give insight into Hamlets character and situation. She gives Hamlets actions and thoughts greater significance. His personality is highly complex, but through Ophelia the audience are perhaps better equipped to begin understanding it. It is through her that the audience learn the depth of his sorrow, confusion, the extent of his sense of betrayal by Gertrude and his resulting distrust of women, and can better understand his tragic flaw. Her weakness and insanity provide contrast which illuminates his strength, nobility and sanity. Hamlets harsh treatment of Ophelia shows the extent to which his mothers betrayal has affected his attitude to women as well as the depth of his grief and confusion. Disgusted by Gertrude marrying Claudius so soon after his fathers death, Hamlet becomes distrustful of women, obsessed with the connection he believes exists between female sexuality and corruption. This is shown through Hamlets damaged relationship with Ophelia, whom, as a consequence of his mothers actions, he is incapable of trusting. He perceives Gertrudes sexual misconduct as moral pollution that destroyed his facility to love Ophelia, causing him to question are you honest? are you fair? (III. i. 103) He curses her for committing such an act / That blurs the grace and blush of modesty / Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the rose / From the fair forehead of an innocent love / And sets a blister there (III iv 42- 45) The juxtaposition of the beautiful fragility of a rose, (perhaps symbolic of Ophelia) and the blister emphasises the extent of Hamlets damage. His mother causes his cursing of all women, O most pernicious woman! O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! and made marriage vows as false as dicers oaths causing him to tell Ophelia that they will have no more marriages. Ophelia represents the innocence and virtue of women, so Hamlets wrongful distrust of her is tragic and emphasises what Gertrude has inflicted upon him. Polonius daughter provides contrast with Hamlet, clarifying that he is sane. He fakes madness in order to achieve revenge and for Shakespeare to maintain the audiences support of Hamlet, he must have them aware that Hamlets madness is not true. An insane hero would not be a hero at all and his fate of little interest. Shakespeare presents pure madness in Ophelia with her behaviour in act four, scene five. In her madness, her language lacks the form that Hamlets never ceases to exhibit. The Gentlemans description of Ophelia as indeed distract and her speech nothing precedes the audience seeing the change in her behaviour for themselves. This intensifies the focus on her when she enters singing incomprehensible songs, and puts emphasis upon her mad state. Laertes mourns that a young maids wits / Should be as mortal as an old mans life (IV. v. 157-158) and calls her A document in madness (IV. v. 174) She is divided from herself and her fair judgement (IV v 83-84) and the dramatic function of this is to give the audience a bearing upon Hamlets madness, which is merely an antic disposition; he is not in madness, but mad in craft. Claudius notes that what he spake, though it lacked form was not like madness. Ophelia turns to favour and to prettiness, whilst the opposite is true of Hamlets mad behaviour. Shakespeares creation of Ophelia aids the audiences understanding of Hamlet because their stories parallel one another. Similar pressures bear down on both characters, but their reactions differ. Both suffer the murder of their fathers and betrayal by loved ones. Ophelias reaction is simple, and highlights the complexity of Hamlets reaction to his situation. She falls into madness and (arguably) takes her own life. In contrast miserable Hamlet only contemplates suicide. This shows his strength (meeting audience expectations, for he is the hero of the play) by highlighting the difficulty of rising above insanity and suicidal urges, making his success more impressive. He faces a constant struggle not to lose grip on his capability and godlike reason (IV. iv. 38), not to let his heart lose its nature. As the audience is shown Ophelias failure at this task, they appreciate Hamlets strength in succeeding. He ponders on to be or not to be, but does not take his own life. Hamlets story shows the danger of madness and the potentially all-consuming nature of grief. Whether it was intended or not, Ophelias story adds power to this message. Ophelias character evokes the audiences sympathy for Hamlet. When Ophelia goes insane, symbolic of the breakdown of innocence, it highlights the corrupt and rotten nature of Elsinore which enables the audience to understand Hamlets rejection of that world. He is right to be disgusted as he is; his difficulty in accepting the cruel, false environment is evidence of his noble nature. The audience are then more likely to understand why Hamlet seeks to reimpose moral values on Elsinore, and support him. Furthermore, Ophelia encourages sympathy by giving insight into how different Hamlets nature was, prior to his fathers death. In her sad reaction to Hamlets madness O what a noble mind is here oerthrown! we see Hamlet as observed by her before he changed. She tells that he possessed noble and most sovereign reason, emphasising the extent of change he seems to have undergone. Her saying that he was once an incomparable prince, the glass of fashion and the mould of form, (III. i. 156) and an unmatched form and feature of blown youth (III. i. 162) but has now been blasted with ecstasy, only serves to make Hamlet all the more tragic. Ophelias description cannot fail to evoke sympathy for him, be he truly mad or not. In addition, it is Ophelias dramatic function to elucidate Hamlets tragic flaw- his indecisiveness and inability to act. This leads to his downfall, and it is vital that the audience appreciate this. He speaks of some vicious mole of nature Shall in the general censure take corruption from that particular fault, to show that one character flaw can corrupt the entire person. Hamlets inconsistent behaviour towards Ophelia demonstrates his inability to make up his mind. This leads to his delay in dealing with Claudius and thus his demise. It is highlighted in conversation with Ophelia, when he states I did love you once (III. i. 115) then I loved you not. Only when she is buried can he conclude I loved Ophelia. Unless he has no time to reflect (for instance, when he kills Polonius), he appears incapable of deliberate action. Ophelia lends insight into Hamlets flaw by mirroring it. She is an entirely passive character; any action she takes is merely a response to others actions. Rather than actively jumping, she simply did not attempt to rescue herself when the branch holding her broke. This inaction is as characteristic of Ophelia as it is of Hamlet. The exchange between Ophelia and Hamlet increases dramatic tension in the play. The realisation of Ophelias deceitfulness causes the terrible outburst of abuse as, adding to pre-existing feelings of betrayal by Gertrude, the other woman he loves has also let him down. Gertrude chose a brother over Hamlets dead father and now Ophelia chooses a father over Hamlet. She also pushes the plot along because his violent rejection of her; I loved you not convinces Claudius that he is not really mad for her love and so immediately he determines to send Hamlet to England. I think that even in his cruel treatment of Ophelia, she makes him a more sympathetic character. He refuses to listen to her and his harsh words I loved you not. (III. i. 119) Get thee to a nunnery. And (III. i. 121) you jig, you amble, and you lisp, and nickname Gods creatures, and make your wantonness your ignorance. Go to, Ill no more ont; (III. i. 146-48), far from being evidence of a spiteful nature, just confirms the depth of his sorrow and disturbance by recent events. As commented upon by critic A. W. Von Schlegel, Hamlet is too much overwhelmed with his own sorrow to have any compassion to spare for others. The fact he must forsake his love in order to appear insane and get his revenge is tragic. I think that Hamlet is truthful in later declaring I loved Ophelia but advises her to go to a nunnery to escape the torturous nature and corruptive power of love. He is being cruel to be kind, and his desire to protect her demonstrates his nobility. A nunnery would be a place where she could remain chaste and not be a breeder of sinners. Ophelia gives the personalities of other characters greater depth, and consequently improves the play. Her nature contrasts and therefore emphasises that of others. Claudius coldness is highlighted when she describes Hamlets madness using beautiful imagery, saying that it has sucked the honey of his music vows and as like sweet bells jangled out of tune and harsh. Hers is a pitying speech that contrasts greatly with Claudius abrupt and heartless reaction, which is emphasised when so easily compared to Ophelias. He simply dismisses the notion of love- his affections do not that way tend. (III. i. 165) There is a great contrast, too, between the characters of Polonius children. This serves to highlight the qualities of each; while Ophelia is connected to water and submissiveness, and told too much of water hast thou, Laertes is the opposite, with a bold nature likened to fire and blaze. Ophelia goes mad as the violence of grief is internalised and destroys her, but in contrast her brothers violence explodes outward- they enact the alternative responses to the power of grief. Ophelia reveals much about Polonius, whom it is important that the audience have an understanding of. She exposes his inconsiderate nature and disrespect for others, perhaps lessening the audiences readiness to sympathise with him upon his death. Ophelia is ruthlessly manipulated by her father. He extracts the details of Hamlets solicitings from her and proudly presents the love letter to Claudius. Hamlet beautifies Ophelia in it, yet Polonius calls it a vile phrase. He tells her he would not, in plain terms, from this time forth have you so slander any moment leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet. Look tots, I charge you. Come your ways. (I. iii. 132-35) this highlights his controlling, egotistic nature. Polonius refers to the relationship as being like one of enemies, Hamlet being someone who Ophelia must protect herself from. Polonius makes decisions for his daughter without consideration of her feelings for Hamlet. His doubting of Hamlets intentions is perhaps more telling of his own disposition than of Hamlets; I think he judges Hamlet by his own standards. Polonius contempt for Hamlet is shown through Ophelia. The general implication is that romantic love is of no importance to Polonius. He is happy to manipulate Ophelia to his advantage. At the closing of the conversation, he hardly notices her distress and when he asks how now, Ophelia? / You need not tell us what Lord Hamlet said. / We heard it all (III. i. 178) it is clear that to him her consternation is inconsequential; what matters is the political implication of what he has witnessed.

Quotes from Philippine President Corazon Aquino

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Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist Commerce Essay

Henri Fayol A Classical Management Administrative Theorist Commerce Essay Classical approach techniques were founded in the early 1900s and is the foundation of many modern management theories. The classical approach concentrates solely on the economical and physical stance of an organisation. A classical management technique aims to investigate the operations within an organisation in order to improve efficiency. Henri Fayol is one of many classical management theorists who has created a 14 principle model, some of which included are, that workers are only motivated by money, encouraging a centralised organisation with lower subordinates and enable authority and responsibility. Furthermore another classical management theorist named Max Weber aimed to reduce bureaucracy using his Bureaucratic Management model which he developed in the late 1800s. Classical management theorists argue that other areas of classical management simply do not exist for example job enrichment and psychological needs of an individual. However a Modernist approach may be that a worker does not solely rely on money as a part of their motivation, non-financial methods of motivation are also favoured upon. For example building relationships within an organisation or managing emotions of workers. Organisations are becoming larger in scale and are beginning to operate in a variety of worldwide markets, managing change and its employees is becoming increasingly difficult therefore having to adapt to different management approaches in order to stay competitive, furthermore this leads back to whether the classical/modernist approach is still appropriate to this time and age. Essay Henri Fayol a classical management administrative theorist has developed 14 principles which give managers fundamental basic guidelines to follow. Centralisation has always been a favourable approach for organisations in the early 1900s. However due to the growing scale of organisations today, centralisation has become less favourable for large organisations, this is because they feel need to supervise and manage its large employee base. Henri Fayols studies show that centralisation should require a balance of centralisation and decentralisation. This balance allows change in the classical management era to be communicated effectively and also enables decisions to made from the upper hierarchy. However in modern organisations, various different types of hierarchy structures can be implemented inorder to suit the business needs. For example Flat structure and Matrix structure, the flat structure gives employees more decision making responsibility with fewer layers of management from the director to the worker, on the other hand a matrix structure has various management and supervisory layers from top to bottom. To an extent the classical approach for modern organisations has given a variety of choice of managing employees within an organisation based on their environment and size. Larger modern organisations may adopt a matrix structure inorder to allow them to monitor their employees effectively whereas smaller organisations may adopt a flat structure which enables change to be processed quicker. This to an extent shows the validity of the statement whether a classical approach is no longer suitable to existing organisations and change. Henri Fayols theory on a balanced hierarchy shows importance of a changing hierarchical model. However American modernist named Melville Dalton argued in his management studies that power and decision making can be spread amongst lower ranking employees instead of having managers to make decisions on their behalf in any hierarchy model. the increasing size of modern organizations and the increasing complexity of the problems with which they have to deal makes technically impossible the participation of the rank and file in the making of decisions. (lilt.ilstu.edu, 1998) This quote also shows that larger organisations find it increasing difficult to implement decisions and change. On the other hand another classical management theorist named Max Weber believed that organisations should have a well-defined hierarchy, a clear division of labour, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships between managers and employees, competence and records. To an extent some of Max Webers theory still exists in 21st century management. In modern organisations numerous amounts of rules, regulations and company policies exist which help prevent employees from carrying out unlawful duties internally and consequences relating to those actions. Rules and regulations within an organisation help prevent change from occurring to an extent, an example of this is legislation the Data Protection Act 1998 may prevent employees from misplacing sensitive information within the workplace therefore rules and regulations within an organisation to an extent are good practice measures for maintaining standardisation. Rules and regulations to an extent also can contribute to significant change within an organisation, for example new health and safety legislation or even employee law. To an extent some these models shows that the fundamental basics have been further developed from classical and modern theorists in order to adapt to business requirements. Furthermore during the 1885 1915 Scientific management was developed by Frederick Taylor, sometimes known as the father of scientific management, scientific management was aimed at improving the processes of an organisation. Scientific management theories aimed at improving employee productivity using time and motion studies, for example using larger shovels in order to reduce the amount of stops between A and B. Frederick Taylor also found in his studies that non-incentive wage systems allowed lower productivity as workers that are receiving the same wage regardless of the output. Non-incentive wage systems encourage low productivity if the employee will receive the same pay regardless of how much is produced, assuming the employee can convince the employer that the slow pace really is a good pace for the job. (netmba.com, 2003)  this quote also shows that employees tried to dodge the time and motion study in fear that employers will set new time benchmarks. In modern day organisations minimum wage legislation has also been introduced, this therefore limits the productivity of its employees; however organisations are now implementing targets and bonus incentive schemes which allow workers to earn above their minimum wage. This shows although scientific management and classical management differ, organisations are trying to adapt to various different management theories which allow them to maximise their performance. On the other hand Simon Herbert who is a modernist questioned rationality within an organisation, as an expert in the administration field Herbert identified areas in which decision makers can align rationality and judgement against organisational goals. Simon Herbert has divided rationality into six different areas, some of which are 1.Objectively rational if, in fact, it is the correct behaviour for maximising given values in a given situation. 2. Subjectively rational if it maximises attainment relative to the actual knowledge of the subject and 3. Personally rational if it is oriented to the individuals goals. (Brown, 2011)  However although this may be beneficial for decision makers Herbert assumes that decision makers already possess the knowledge required and often dismisses knowledge of their alternatives. Herbert also outlined the human capacity of processing as a limitation of rationality and also identified conflicting options for decision makers. To an extent this modernist theory is no longer suitable to modern organisations to-date as it requires decision makers to require knowledge of their alternatives, can contain incomplete information and related consequences to the decision. However some of Herberts theory on bounded rationality may be more relevant to modern organisations and change as rationality is affected by limited resources to deal with complex decisions, limited information and limited time. netmba.com. (2003).  Frederick Taylor Scientific Management. Available: http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/. Last accessed 25th Oct 2012. Brown, Reva. (2011).  Consideration of the origin of Herbert Simons theory of satisficing (1933-1947).  Available: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0025-1747volume=42issue=10articleid=865543show=html. Last accessed 28th Oct 2012. thethrivingsmallbusiness.com. (2012).  7 Advantages to Writing Business Policies and Procedures.  Available: http://thethrivingsmallbusiness.com/articles/7-advantages-to-writing-business-policies-and-procedures/. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012. lilt.ilstu.edu. (1998).  Oligarchic theories.  Available: http://lilt.ilstu.edu/rrpope/rrpopepwd/articles/bureacracy2.html. Last accessed 19th Oct 2012.

Use of Dialogue in The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

Use of Dialogue in The Sun Also Rises The remarkable thing about the book was its liberal use of dialogue and how Hemingway used it to carry the reader through the book. There was no plot in the book in the sense that there was no twists, intrigue, or goals for any of the characters and the dialogue was the only thing that moved the reader through the book. Hemingway used so much dialogue that it was difficult at times to follow who was saying what, but I believe this didn't matter because any of the characters, except for maybe Jake, could have been carrying on those conversations. I say anyone except Jake because he was different than all the other characters in more ways than just being the narrator. He obviously had received a wound from W.W.I that caused him to be sexually scarred and thus set him apart from anyone else. Jake seemed to be an observer who was watching the lives of his friends unfold and happen around him, but without his participation. I read that Hemingway had purposely re-written the book in first person and this was probably to spell out that Jake was an observer and was thus aware of what was written on the pages. There is a scene towards the end of the book where Jake finds all of his friends eating at a restaurant and thinks to himself that he is too far behind to catch up. Jake always seems behind, or at least only a marginal player put so in his position because of his injury. He must have had relations with Brett before the injury and was a "player" before it, so this leads to the assumption that Jake purposely removed himself from being a participant. As I was reading I was trying to make connections and read into the story to try